Some state senates use the position as a stand-in during the absence of the senate president, while other states use the position as an honorary title. In states where the elected lieutenant governor acts as senate president, the senate president pro tempore often assumes the role of presiding officer.
The following table details the senate president pro tempore positions in states where the lieutenant governor serves as senate president. Ballotpedia features , encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. Click here to contact our editorial staff, and click here to report an error.
Click here to contact us for media inquiries, and please donate here to support our continued expansion. Share this page Follow Ballotpedia. What's on your ballot? Jump to: navigation , search. The Senate president pro tem is the second-highest ranking leadership position in the Senate.
The president pro tem presides over Senate sessions in the absence of the senate president. The Senate president pro tem mainly presides over the Senate chamber in a supervisory role and ensures that members follow the body's rules and procedures. Depending on the state, the Senate president pro tem may assume additional leadership responsibilities.
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Features of Congress. States' delegations. Today, the degree of political influence exerted by the President pro tempore depends more on other factors in conjunction with a Senator's position as President pro tempore than solely on election to that office. The most important of these are a Senator's position as a senior Member of his party and as a committee chairman. As the most senior Senator of the majority party, his chairmanship is likely to be significant.
For example, during the years he was President pro tempore for the first time , Senator Byrd was also chairman of the Appropriations Committee.
When the Senate switched from Republican to Democratic control on June 6, , Senator Byrd was elected President pro tempore and returned to chair the Appropriations Committee.
Senator Daniel K. As Senator Byrd remarked, "Because of his position as a senior Member of the party, and often the chairman of a key committee, the leadership regularly consults the president pro tempore as to his views on policies and actions of the party. Republicans as well as Democrats consider the President pro tempore an ex-officio member of the party leadership, including the respective caucus and conference, policy committees, and steering committees.
In these capacities, the President pro tempore may work closely with the party floor leader. On January 10, , the Senate adopted S. Humphrey, a Democratic Party stalwart, who had served as both Vice President and was a presidential candidate in Humphrey served in the Senate from to and from until his death in January Senator Humphrey served as Deputy President pro tempore from January 5, , until his death on January 13, Stennis of Mississippi, the most senior Democratic Senator.
Senate leaders were concerned that Senator Stennis's poor health might prevent him from fulfilling some of the responsibilities of the office, particularly the President pro tempore's principal responsibility for presiding over the Senate.
Senator Mitchell was appointed to assure that a presiding officer would be available all times. In early , the Senate began debate on what became the landmark Civil Rights Act of The President pro tempore at the time was Carl T.
Hayden of Arizona, then 86 years old. Early in the debate, Majority Leader Michael J. Mansfield of Montana reportedly expressed concern about Hayden's age and physical stamina during what was likely to be a long and difficult debate.
In February , Mansfield told a group of visitors that if an around-the-clock filibuster developed, as it eventually did, he did not want to be responsible for the elderly Hayden's demise. Metcalf of Montana was named acting President pro tempore. Mansfield chose Metcalf for several reasons. Metcalf was relatively young and vigorous; he lived in an apartment across the street from the Senate and could be called quickly to preside over late night sessions. As Mansfield's junior colleague from Montana, he was also considered trustworthy and unlikely to rule against the majority floor leader.
On February 7, , the Senate approved a resolution, S. The role of the Presiding Officer of the U. Senate has had its ups and downs in the history of this legislative body. In recent years, and more particularly in recent weeks, the Presiding Officer has assumed a position of renewed importance. The man most responsible for this new role is my distinguished colleague from Montana, Senator Metcalf.
Senator Metcalf, in his role as Acting President pro tempore, brings vigor, [and] knowledge of the legislative process to a position which all too often is looked upon as a chore.
Senator Metcalf served as Permanent Acting President pro tempore and presided frequently over the Senate in that capacity until his death in January In May , Senator James Jeffords of Vermont changed his party affiliation from Republican to Independent, and the Senate—until then evenly divided and operating under a series of formal and informal power-sharing agreements —switched to Democratic control.
On June 6, the Senate elected Robert C. Byrd, Democrat of West Virginia, to be the President pro tempore. The practice of electing a Senator as President pro tempore Emeritus continued in the th Congress. Senator Byrd was elected to the office on January 15, Leahy was named President pro tempore Emeritus.
Table 1. Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate, Party a. November 25, b. December 27, c. April 3, d. December 4, e. Source: The principal source for this table is Robert C. Notes: Until , the Senate elected a President pro tempore whenever the Vice President was not in attendance, whether for a day or permanently, as in the case of the Vice President's death or resignation.
When the Vice President returned, the President pro tempore lost his place. Then, when the Vice President was again absent, the Senate again elected a President pro tempore, in many cases the same Senator who had been chosen before. By the standing order agreed to on March 12, , the Senate declared that the President pro tempore shall hold the office during "the pleasure of the Senate and until another is elected, and shall execute the duties thereof during all future absences of the Vice President until the Senate does otherwise order.
A key to party abbreviations can be found in the Appendix. Senator John Gaillard was elected after the death of Vice President Elbridge Gerry and continued to serve throughout the 14 th Congress, as there was no Vice President.
There was no actual election. Senator Ambrose H. Sevier was "permitted to occupy the chair for the day. As noted above, in March , the Senate adopted a resolution stating that Presidents pro tempore would hold office continuously until the election of another President pro tempore rather than being elected only for the period in which the Vice President was absent.
That system has continued to the present. Senator Milton R. Young was elected to serve the single day of December 4, Table 2. Deputy Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate, Hubert H. Humphrey a. George J. Mitchell b. January 28, November 29, c. Pursuant to S. See Remarks Congressional Record , vol. On January 28, , the Senate agreed to S. Accordingly, on the same date, the Senate agreed to S. See Remarks, Congressional Record , vol.
On November 29, , by secret vote of the Senate Democratic Caucus, Senator Mitchell was elected majority leader for the st Congress. Table 3. Lee W. Metcalf a. Notes: This office was initially established in upon the adoption of S. Kennedy, the added constitutional responsibilities imposed on then-President pro tempore Carl Hayden moved the Senate to agree on February 7, to S. Table 4. Presidents Pro Tempore Emeritus of the Senate, June 6, a -January 7, January 15, b.
January 4, c. Elected pursuant to S. See "Thanks to the Honorable Robert C. Berdahl, Clarence. Biographical Directory of the American Congress, Byrd, Robert C. The Senate, : Its History and Practice , 4 vols.
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