Development will not occur normally, sometimes resulting in loss of the pregnancy. Some women worry that they have done something to cause their pregnancy loss. Working, exercising, having sex, or having used birth control pills before getting pregnant do not cause early pregnancy loss.
Morning sickness does not cause early pregnancy loss. Some women who have had an early pregnancy loss believe that it was caused by a recent fall, blow, or even a fright. In most cases, this is not true. Smoking, alcohol, and caffeine also have been studied as causes of early pregnancy loss. Some research suggests that smoking increases the risk, while other research suggests that it does not. Alcohol use in the first trimester may slightly increase the risk of early pregnancy loss, but the research is not clear.
In any case, it is best to avoid smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Consuming mg or less of caffeine a day the amount in two cups of coffee does not appear to increase the risk of early pregnancy loss. The likelihood of early pregnancy loss occurring increases as a woman gets older. Early pregnancy loss occurs in more than one third of pregnancies in women older than 40 years. Bleeding and cramping are the most common symptoms of early pregnancy loss.
A small amount of bleeding and cramping in early pregnancy is relatively common. Bleeding often stops on its own, and the pregnancy continues normally. Bleeding and cramping also can be signs of other pregnancy problems, such as ectopic pregnancy. If you have any of these signs or symptoms, contact your obstetrician—gynecologist ob-gyn or other member of your health care team.
If you have signs and symptoms of early pregnancy loss, you most likely will have a physical exam. Your obstetrician will ask you questions about when the bleeding started, how much you are bleeding, and whether you have pain or cramping. An ultrasound exam may be done to check whether the embryo is still growing in the uterus or to detect the presence of a heartbeat. You may have a test to measure the level of human chorionic gonadotropin hCG in your blood.
This substance is made by the developing placenta. A low or decreasing level of hCG can mean loss of the pregnancy. Several ultrasound exams and hCG tests may be necessary to confirm that pregnancy loss has occurred. When a pregnancy is lost, some of the pregnancy tissue may remain in the uterus. This tissue needs to be removed.
There are several ways this can be done. If the situation is not an emergency, you can help choose the type of treatment. Read on to learn about what causes miscarriages and the risk for miscarriage during pregnancy. Kaylen Silverberg, a Texas-based fertility specialist, says miscarriages are very common. However, the likelihood of having recurrent miscarriages at least 2 or 3 is low, only occurring in about 1 percent of women. Studies have shown an increased risk for miscarriage in women who have had recurrent miscarriages in the past.
Conversely, some studies indicate that having a successful pregnancy before a current pregnancy may decrease the risk for miscarriage in the current pregnancy.
Several factors have to be accounted for in these cases, however. This includes maternal age and other medical conditions present.
Most doctors will begin to investigate for a cause after you have had two to three losses. This will include reviewing your medical history in detail and performing certain tests. When the sperm and egg meet, the cells come together. They then begin to divide to start forming the genetic material that makes up a person.
Each of us is supposed to have 46 total chromosomes. If something goes wrong when the cells are dividing, a chromosome may be missing or repeated. About 50 percent of all first trimester miscarriages are because of chromosomal abnormalities. This can occur more frequently in women who are considered advanced maternal age, or greater than 35 years old at pregnancy term.
Uterus or cervix infections can be dangerous to a developing baby and lead to miscarriage. Other infections that may pass to the baby or placenta can also affect a developing pregnancy and may lead to loss.
This refers to defects of the uterus cavity. Clotting disorders are conditions that cause your body to form more blood clots than normal. Examples include lupus anticoagulant and antiphospholipid syndrome.
In the case of pregnancy, blood clots can form in the placenta. This prevents nutrition and oxygen from getting to the baby-to-be, and prevents waste from being carried away.
The first trimester of pregnancy is considered weeks 0 to The process may be over quickly or may take several days. Try to arrange for a trusted person to be with you through the process, throughout the night if needed. Think about where you will be most comfortable.
Gather supplies such as bed liners, sanitary pads, and a hot water bottle. Some women find that massage is comforting and can help with the cramping. Your health care provider can prescribe pain medication to help you get through. The bleeding will become heavier and cramping can be painful as the cervix dilates. If you are less than eight weeks pregnant when the miscarriage occurs, the expelled tissue will look no different from heavy menstrual bleeding. If you are further along in the pregnancy, you may see some blood clots and tissue that is firmer or lumpy-looking, which is placental or afterbirth tissue.
The further along you are, the heavier the bleeding and more severe the cramps. Strong, painful cramps are normal, but if you have severe pain, seek medical care right away. In rare instances, a pregnancy can implant outside of your uterus ectopic pregnancy , most often in one of the fallopian tubes. This is a medical emergency because an ectopic pregnancy can rupture and cause internal bleeding. Once everything in your uterus has been expelled, bleeding will continue, lessening over several days.
If bleeding increases or stays bright red, or if you have foul-smelling discharge or a fever or persistent cramping, contact your health care provider.
Physical recovery from a miscarriage ranges from a few days to a couple of weeks. With a molar pregnancy, both sets of chromosomes come from the father. A molar pregnancy is associated with abnormal growth of the placenta; there is usually no fetal development. A partial molar pregnancy occurs when the mother's chromosomes remain, but the father provides two sets of chromosomes.
A partial molar pregnancy is usually associated with abnormalities of the placenta, and an abnormal fetus. Molar and partial molar pregnancies are not viable pregnancies. Molar and partial molar pregnancies can sometimes be associated with cancerous changes of the placenta. Some women who miscarry develop an infection in the uterus.
This is also called a septic miscarriage. Signs and symptoms of this infection include:. Often, there's nothing you can do to prevent a miscarriage. Simply focus on taking good care of yourself and your baby:. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Overview Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. More Information Blighted ovum: What causes it? Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references Tulandi T, et al.
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