Carbon has six protons and eight neutrons; one of those neutrons decays into a proton to make nitrogen, which has seven protons and seven neutrons. This decay happens at a predictable rate, allowing scientists to determine how old such artifacts are. The electromagnetic force, also called the Lorentz force, acts between charged particles, like negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons. Opposite charges attract one another, while like charges repel.
The greater the charge, the greater the force. And much like gravity, this force can be felt from an infinite distance albeit the force would be very, very small at that distance. As its name indicates, the electromagnetic force consists of two parts: the electric force and the magnetic force.
At first, physicists described these forces as separate from one another, but researchers later realized that the two are components of the same force. The electric component acts between charged particles whether they're moving or stationary, creating a field by which the charges can influence each other.
But once set into motion, those charged particles begin to display the second component, the magnetic force. The particles create a magnetic field around them as they move. So when electrons zoom through a wire to charge your computer or phone or turn on your TV, for example, the wire becomes magnetic. Electromagnetic forces are transferred between charged particles through the exchange of massless, force-carrying bosons called photons, which are also the particle components of light.
The force-carrying photons that swap between charged particles, however, are a different manifestation of photons. They are virtual and undetectable, even though they are technically the same particles as the real and detectable version, according to the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The electromagnetic force is responsible for some of the most commonly experienced phenomena: friction, elasticity, the normal force and the force holding solids together in a given shape.
It's even responsible for the drag that birds, planes and even Superman experience while flying. These actions can occur because of charged or neutralized particles interacting with one another. The fact that it is insignificant on larger scales is the paradoxical effect of an odd strong-force quirk. They therefore participate in their own force and can interact with themselves.
The result is that, whereas electromagnetism gets weaker when electrically charged particles are further apart, if you try and pull quarks and the gluons that bind them apart, the force between them grows stronger and pings them back together.
This phenomenon, known as asymptotic freedom, means that strong-force effects are never felt above a certain length scale.
It also explains why neither quarks nor gluons can have a stand-alone existence. They only ever appear as part of larger composite particles, such as protons and neutrons.
Which combinations of quarks are allowed is determined by two further complications. When this limit is reached, the tremendous energy required to achieve the separation is suddenly converted to mass in the form of a quark-antiquark pair.
Because this conversion occurs every time we try to separate quarks from each other, free quarks have not been observed and are believed not to exist as individual particles. When three quarks are bound together in a proton or neutron, the strong force produced by the gluons is mostly neutralized because it nearly all goes toward binding the quarks together.
As a result, the force is confined mostly within the particle. However, there is a tiny fraction of the force that does act outside of the proton or neutron.
This fraction of the force can operate between protons and neutrons, or "nucleons. Vayenas and Stamatios N. Souentie in their book " Gravity, Special Relativity and the Strong Force " Springer, , "it became evident that the force between nucleons is the result, or side effect, of a stronger and more fundamental force which binds together quarks in protons and neutrons.
Unlike the strong force, though, the residual strong force drops off quickly at short distances and is only significant between adjacent particles within the nucleus.
The repulsive electromagnetic force, however, drops off more slowly, so it acts across the entire nucleus. Therefore, in heavy nuclei, particularly those with atomic numbers greater than 82 lead , while the nuclear force on a particle remains nearly constant, the total electromagnetic force on that particle increases with atomic number to the point that eventually it can push the nucleus apart.
As stated on the Lawrence—Berkeley National Laboratory Web page ABC's of Nuclear Science , "Fission can be seen as a 'tug-of-war' between the strong attractive nuclear force and the repulsive electrostatic force. In fission reactions, electrostatic repulsion wins.
The energy that is released by breaking the residual strong force bond takes the form of high-speed particles and gamma rays, producing what we call radioactivity. The protons are positively charged and repel each other. The electromagnetic is responsible for the interaction between charged particles. As the electromagnetic force is long ranged, each proton in a nucleus repels every other proton in the nucleus.
This is trying to make the nucleus fly apart. The strong nuclear force is short tanged and binds adjacent protons and neutrons together. This is effectively what holds the nucleus together. For a nucleus to be stable the strong and electromagnetic forces need to be in balance.
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